Prevalence of, Qualities, and Barriers Associated with Mentoring Relationships from Medical Students' Perspective: A Multi-Institutional Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: Reports of medical student mentorship prevalence range between 26% and 77%. This broad range likely reflects the tendencies of studies to focus on specific populations of medical students. There is little consensus about the characteristics of mentoring relationships among medical students. The primary goal of this study was to determine the reported prevalence of mentorship among medical students in the United States. The secondary goals were to assess the desired qualities of and barriers to successful mentoring from a medical student perspective. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was administered via Qualtrics to all medical students at participating accredited medical schools from July 2018 to March 2019. The questionnaire contained a subsection of questions that assessed the existence of mentoring, facilitators, and barriers in finding a mentor, and the desired qualities of a successful mentor. RESULTS: With a 94% completion rate, 369 (69%) of 532 medical students reported having a mentor. Adjusted analysis showed that fourth-year medical students were significantly more likely to have a mentor compared with first-year (odds ratio [OR] 2.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49-4.73, P = 0.001), second-year (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.14-3.76, P = 0.016), and third-year medical students (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.2-3.90, P = 0.011). Compassion (64%) was the most commonly reported quality in a successful mentoring relationship. Lack of time from mentor (75%) was the most commonly reported barrier. CONCLUSIONS: This study may serve as a guide to fostering more supportive mentoring relationships. Each mentoring relationship should be tailored to the needs of the mentee, however.

Ethics and Industry Interactions: Impact on Specialty Training, Clinical Practice, and Research.

Physicians in training and their mentors must be cognizant of ethical concerns related to industry interactions. Mentors perceived to have conflicts of interest or to be engaging in misconduct can unconsciously and profoundly affect the learning and academic environment by implying certain values and expectations. Despite increased awareness of ethical concerns related to industry interactions in clinical practice and research, there remains a need for interventions to prevent ethical transgressions. Ethics education is essential and a move in the right direction, but it alone is likely inadequate in preventing unethical behavior. Education should be supplemented with ethical environments at institutions.

A systematic scoping review of ethical issues in mentoring in internal medicine, family medicine and academic medicine.

Mentoring's role in medical education is threatened by the potential abuse of mentoring relationships. Particularly affected are mentoring relationships between senior clinicians and junior doctors which lie at the heart of mentoring. To better understand and address these concerns, a systematic scoping review into prevailing accounts of ethical issues and professional lapses in mentoring is undertaken. Arksey and O'Malley's (Int J Soc Res Methodol 8(1):19-32, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616) methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews was employed to explore the scope of ethical concerns in mentoring in general medicine. Databases searcheed included PubMed, ScienceDirect, ERIC, Embase, Scopus, Mednar and OpenGrey. 3391 abstracts were identified from the initialy search after removal of duplicates, 412 full-text articles were reviewed, 98 articles were included and thematically analysed. Unsatisfactory matching, misaligned expectations, inadequate mentor training, cursory codes of conduct, sketchy standards of practice, meagre oversight and unstructured processes have been identified as potential causes for ethical and professional breaches in mentoring practice. Changes in how professionalism is viewed suggest further studies of educational culture should also be carried out. The host organization plays a major role in establishing codes of conduct, expectations, and holistically, longitudinally oversight of the mentoring process and mentoring relationships.

Mentorship and Ethics in Global Health: Fostering Scientific Integrity and Responsible Conduct of Research.

Addressing ethical issues through mentorship is key to encouraging scientific integrity and increasing research capacity. Across the global health arena, mentorship requires helping mentees understand and negotiate the regulatory aspects of research-which can substantially differ even between countries with similar resources. Mentorship support spans across the research framework from obtaining ethical approval and ensuring scientific integrity, to determining authorship and disseminating study results-providing multiple opportunities to model ethical behavior for mentees. The power imbalances between the global north and south in accessing funding resources produce further challenges in setting the research agenda and for ensuring equity in the dissemination of research findings. Gender further complicates the aspiration for equity; the proportion of women in high administrative or research positions remains low. This study explores four specific mentoring case scenarios commonly encountered in the global health research field in low- and middle-income institutions.

The characteristics of coaches that verbally and physically abuse young baseball players using a self-reported questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Because the relationship between coaches and athletes is unequal, verbal and physical abuse remains a common problem among sports coaches. We aimed to elucidate the characteristics of baseball coaches who verbally/physically abuse young baseball players. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on youth sports team coaches in Miyagi prefecture, Japan (n = 380), using a self-reported questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for the analyses, evaluating the following variables: sex, age, educational level, smoking habits, years of coaching, level of baseball-playing experience, personal experience with verbal/physical abuse by former coaches, satisfaction with athletes' attitudes, number of athletes on the team, team competition level, awareness of the recommendations of the Japanese Society of Clinical Sports Medicine, limitations in the total pitch count, difficulty in coaching in other positions, number of games per year, and acceptance of former verbal/physical abuse. RESULTS: The prevalence of verbal/physical abuse toward young athletes was 74.5% (n = 283) and 6.6% (n = 25), respectively. Verbal abuse was significantly associated with personal experience of verbal abuse by former coaches (odds ratio [OR]: 2.00, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.04-3.85), and acceptance of verbal/physical abuse (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.34-5.10). Physical abuse was significantly associated with greater than 10 years of coaching experience (OR: 7.16, 95% CI: 1.36-37.78), personal experience with physical abuse by former coaches (OR: 4.25, 95% CI: 1.23-14.70), and acceptance of verbal/physical abuse (OR: 3.85, 95% CI: 1.51-9.84). CONCLUSIONS: Coaches' experiences with verbal/physical abuse by former coaches negatively affected young athletes. Breaking this cycle is necessary to keep athletes active and interested in playing baseball. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

La actividad de la tutoría en las carreras de las ciencias médicas / Tutorship in Medical Sciences specialties

RESUMEN La tutoría en la Educación Superior actual, se desarrolla de forma flexible y se acomoda a cada uno de los estudiantes de acuerdo con su personalidad, intereses, conocimientos, capacidades, nivel de dificultades y avances. Es un sistema de educación que a la vez que atiende las características personales del estudiante de manera individualizada, actúa dentro de un sistema de educación colectiva, contribuyendo a la formación integral de los estudiantes. Dentro de esta modalidad académica juega un papel integrador el tutor ya que es el que realiza el trabajo hombre a hombre en aras de lograr un profesional de la salud con una concepción humana capaz de lograr los reto de la sociedad moderna, además es el eje fundamental en la preparación profesional, por lo que debe ejercer un conjunto de influencias educativas e instructivas para que el estudiante logre apropiarse de las habilidades, hábitos y valores que son indispensables en su formación. El objetivo del trabajo consiste en valorar la tutoría en la educación superior haciendo énfasis en la educación médica (AU).

ABSTRACT Tutorship in the current High Education develops in a flexible way, and is adjusted to every one of the students, according to their personality, interests, knowledge, skills, difficulties level and advances. It is an educational system that, while pays attention to the student's personal characteristics in an individual way, behaves inside a system of collective education, rendering contribution to the comprehensive training of the students. In this academic way, the tutor plays an integrative role, because he is the one who carries out the man-to-man work for the sake of training a health professional with a human conception able of affronting the challenges of the modern society. Besides that, he is the main stone in the professional training, and therefore has to exert a whole of educative and training influences to make the student to develop skills, habits and values that are essential in his training. The objective of this paper is to assess tutorship in High Education, making emphasis in medical education (AU).

Guardia médica estudiantil en el primer año de la carrera medicina. Policlínico Universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga". 2016 / Students' medical duty in the first year of medicine studies. University Policlinic "Pedro Borrás Astorga". 2016

RESUMEN Introducción: la guardia médica estudiantil constituye un escenario formativo donde los estudiantes comienzan a entrar en contacto con pacientes y enfermedades desde el primer año de la carrera medicina. Objetivo: caracterizar la guardia médica estudiantil en el primer año de la carrera medicina. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el servicio de guardia perteneciente al Policlínico Universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga" durante el año 2016. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 21 tutores y 145 estudiantes del primer año de la carrera medicina asistentes a la guardia médica institucional. Resultados: los pacientes atendidos por la guardia médica fueron mayoritariamente del sexo femenino con 69,6 %, en edades entre 60 y más años con 29,6 %. Las características en estudiantes se distinguieron por: pertenecer al sexo femenino con 65,5 % y a la condición no becado en el 73,8 %; mientras en los tutores predominaron las féminas con 61,9 %, la categoría docente asistente con 80,9 % y el tiempo de tutoría mayor/ igual a 5 años con 76,2 %. Respecto a la evaluación de las habilidades realizadas en la guardia la mayoría de los estudiantes obtuvieron calificación de 5, fundamentalmente en registrar la información individual con 122 educandos. Dentro de los indicadores relacionados con dicha actividad resultaron superiores las indicaciones de Medicina Natural y Tradicional con 1130 y el estudio de electrocardiografía con 1013. Conclusiones: la guardia médica iniciada desde el primer año de la carrera medicina resulta fundamental en la formación integral de estudiantes, así como en la concepción de habilidades y valores profesionales (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the students' medical duty is a training scenary where students began to interact with patients and diseases form the first years of the medical studies. Objective: to characterize the students' medical duty in the first years of medical studies. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was carried out in the on-call service of the University Policlinic "Pedro Borras Astorga" during 2016. The universe of study was formed by 21 tutors and 145 students from the first year of the Medicine studies who took part in the institutional medical duty. Results: the attended patients were women in most of the cases, 69,6 %, aged 60 and more years with 29,6 %. The students' characteristics were: female sex, 65,5 %, not living in student dorms, 73,8 %. Among tutors, women predominated with 61,9 %, and the teaching category of Assistant, with 80,9 %; the tutorship time was more or equal 5 years, with 76,2 %. With respect to skills evaluation on duty, most of the students got marks of 5, mainly when registering the patients' personal information with 122 students. Among the indicators related to that activity were higher the indication of Traditional and Natural Medicine for 1 130, and electrocardiography studies for 1013. Conclusions: medical duty beginning in the first year of medical studies is very important for the comprehensive training of the students, also in the conception of professional skills and values (AU).

Guardia médica estudiantil en el primer año de la carrera medicina. Policlínico Universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga". 2016 / Students' medical duty in the first year of medicine studies. University Policlinic

RESUMEN Introducción: la guardia médica estudiantil constituye un escenario formativo donde los estudiantes comienzan a entrar en contacto con pacientes y enfermedades desde el primer año de la carrera medicina. Objetivo: caracterizar la guardia médica estudiantil en el primer año de la carrera medicina. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el servicio de guardia perteneciente al Policlínico Universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga" durante el año 2016. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 21 tutores y 145 estudiantes del primer año de la carrera medicina asistentes a la guardia médica institucional. Resultados: los pacientes atendidos por la guardia médica fueron mayoritariamente del sexo femenino con 69,6 %, en edades entre 60 y más años con 29,6 %. Las características en estudiantes se distinguieron por: pertenecer al sexo femenino con 65,5 % y a la condición no becado en el 73,8 %; mientras en los tutores predominaron las féminas con 61,9 %, la categoría docente asistente con 80,9 % y el tiempo de tutoría mayor/ igual a 5 años con 76,2 %. Respecto a la evaluación de las habilidades realizadas en la guardia la mayoría de los estudiantes obtuvieron calificación de 5, fundamentalmente en registrar la información individual con 122 educandos. Dentro de los indicadores relacionados con dicha actividad resultaron superiores las indicaciones de Medicina Natural y Tradicional con 1130 y el estudio de electrocardiografía con 1013. Conclusiones: la guardia médica iniciada desde el primer año de la carrera medicina resulta fundamental en la formación integral de estudiantes, así como en la concepción de habilidades y valores profesionales (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the students' medical duty is a training scenary where students began to interact with patients and diseases form the first years of the medical studies. Objective: to characterize the students' medical duty in the first years of medical studies. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was carried out in the on-call service of the University Policlinic "Pedro Borras Astorga" during 2016. The universe of study was formed by 21 tutors and 145 students from the first year of the Medicine studies who took part in the institutional medical duty. Results: the attended patients were women in most of the cases, 69,6 %, aged 60 and more years with 29,6 %. The students' characteristics were: female sex, 65,5 %, not living in student dorms, 73,8 %. Among tutors, women predominated with 61,9 %, and the teaching category of Assistant, with 80,9 %; the tutorship time was more or equal 5 years, with 76,2 %. With respect to skills evaluation on duty, most of the students got marks of 5, mainly when registering the patients' personal information with 122 students. Among the indicators related to that activity were higher the indication of Traditional and Natural Medicine for 1 130, and electrocardiography studies for 1013. Conclusions: medical duty beginning in the first year of medical studies is very important for the comprehensive training of the students, also in the conception of professional skills and values (AU).

La actividad de la tutoría en las carreras de las ciencias médicas / Tutorship in Medical Sciences specialties

RESUMEN La tutoría en la Educación Superior actual, se desarrolla de forma flexible y se acomoda a cada uno de los estudiantes de acuerdo con su personalidad, intereses, conocimientos, capacidades, nivel de dificultades y avances. Es un sistema de educación que a la vez que atiende las características personales del estudiante de manera individualizada, actúa dentro de un sistema de educación colectiva, contribuyendo a la formación integral de los estudiantes. Dentro de esta modalidad académica juega un papel integrador el tutor ya que es el que realiza el trabajo hombre a hombre en aras de lograr un profesional de la salud con una concepción humana capaz de lograr los reto de la sociedad moderna, además es el eje fundamental en la preparación profesional, por lo que debe ejercer un conjunto de influencias educativas e instructivas para que el estudiante logre apropiarse de las habilidades, hábitos y valores que son indispensables en su formación. El objetivo del trabajo consiste en valorar la tutoría en la educación superior haciendo énfasis en la educación médica (AU).

ABSTRACT Tutorship in the current High Education develops in a flexible way, and is adjusted to every one of the students, according to their personality, interests, knowledge, skills, difficulties level and advances. It is an educational system that, while pays attention to the student's personal characteristics in an individual way, behaves inside a system of collective education, rendering contribution to the comprehensive training of the students. In this academic way, the tutor plays an integrative role, because he is the one who carries out the man-to-man work for the sake of training a health professional with a human conception able of affronting the challenges of the modern society. Besides that, he is the main stone in the professional training, and therefore has to exert a whole of educative and training influences to make the student to develop skills, habits and values that are essential in his training. The objective of this paper is to assess tutorship in High Education, making emphasis in medical education (AU).

Why gerontology and geriatrics can teach us a lot about mentoring.

Gerontology, geriatrics, and mentoring have a lot in common. The prototype of this role was Mentor, an older adult in Homer's The Odyssey, who was enlisted to look after Odysseus' son, Telemachus, while his father was away fighting the Trojan War. Portrayed as an older man, the name "mentor" literally means "a man who thinks," which is not a bad characterization generally for faculty members in gerontology! In particular, gerontological and geriatrics education can teach us a lot about the importance of mentoring and provide some critical insights into this role: (1) the importance of interprofessional leadership and modeling, (2) the application of the concept of "grand-generativity" to mentoring, (3) "it takes a community" to be effective in mentoring others, and (4) the need to tailor mentorship styles to the person and the situation. This discussion explores these topics and argues that gerontological and geriatrics educators have a particularly important role and responsibility in mentoring students, colleagues, and administrators related to the very future of our field.

Ethics With Mentoring.

The concept of mentoring is a phenomenon critical to teaching-learning in coming to know in the performing art of leadership. The author of this article discusses the mentoring relationship from an alternative view through the humanbecoming lens of understanding. Possibilities of ethical nurse practice with the art of mentoring from the humanbecoming perspective are illuminated.

Quagmires for clinical psychology and executive coaching? Ethical considerations and practice challenges.

As the coaching field burgeons, both the mental health and coaching professionals, and their respective professions, face a myriad of potential quagmires, especially if the unique challenges encountered are ignored. After a short introduction and presentation on ethics and morals related to executive coaching and clinical therapy, a discussion follows on the lengthy and intimate relationship between executive coaching and psychology. Next are definitions and comparisons and 6 areas that are potential quagmires. This includes roles, skill sets/core competencies, education/training, licensing/credentialing-certification, governing bodies and confidentiality, and fees/reimbursement. Each section includes a discussion and several questions to highlight potentially problematic areas, practice challenges, and/or ethical issues, followed with brief responses. This paper concludes with the inquiry, "Where do we go from here?"

The Tzu Chi Silent Mentor Program: Application of Buddhist Ethics to Teach Student Physicians Empathy, Compassion, and Self-Sacrifice.

The Buddhist Tzu Chi Silent Mentor Program promotes the donation of one's body to science as a selfless act by appealing to the Buddhist ethics of compassion and self-sacrifice. Together, faculty, families, and donors help medical students to learn the technical, spiritual, emotional, and psychological aspects of medicine. Students assigned to each "Silent Mentor" visit the family to learn about the donor's life. They see photos and hear family members' stories. Afterwards, students write a brief biography of the donor which is posted on the program website, in the medical school, and on the dissection table. In this paper, we: (1) summarize the Silent Mentor Program; (2) describe findings from an assessment of medical students who recently completed a new version of the program in Malaysia; and (3) explore how healthcare settings could benefit from this innovative program.

Educación, presente y potencia: la formación de conciencia epistémica a partir del encuentro con el otro / Education, present, and power: the formation of epistemological awareness from the encounter with the other

El artículo, derivado de una investigación, propone sentidos de formación que permitan a las instituciones educativas construir espacios donde los sujetos logrendesplegar su conciencia a partir de examinar parámetros que configuren su relación con la realidad, para lo cual es necesario el encuentro con el otro.

This article, derived from a piece of research, proposes senses of training, which enable educational institutions to build spaces where subjects manage to deploy their awareness, based on the analysis of parameters, which configure their relationships with reality being necessary the encounter with the other.

Simulação clínica em cardiologia / Clinical simulation in cardiology

A educação continuada constitui um critério de avaliaçãode qualidade do ensino das instituições, sendo uma das ferramentasmais importantes na capacitação dos profissionaisda saúde, na atualização profissional e no aprimoramentoda equipe multidisciplinar. A simulação diminui a distânciaexistente entre o que se ensina na teoria e sua aplicabilidadena prática profissional. O treinamento com cenários é dividido,didaticamente, em três momentos: elaboração, execuçãoe debriefing. O debriefing é o momento utilizado para análisee reflexão do que foi vivido durante a simulação, para que sedescubra o que foi aprendido e sua aplicabilidade a partir deexperiências vividas em situações reais. A simulação clínicatambém permite que os profissionais estejam mais aptos a anteversituações clínicas adversas, possam cometer erros e, atémesmo, tirar suas dúvidas antes de lidar com situações reais,sempre em ambientes controlados e sob constante supervisão...

Continuing education is a major criterion for the evaluationof the quality of teaching institutions, so it is one of the mostimportant tools in the training of health professionals in professionalupdating and improving the multidisciplinary team.Simulation decreases the gap between what is taught in theoryand its applicability in practice. The training scenario is divideddidactically in three stages: preparation, execution anddebriefing. The debriefing is the time required for analysis andreflection of what was experienced during the simulation, sothat they disco ver what they have leamed and their applicabilityfrom experiences in real situations. Simulation also allowsclinical professionals to be more able to predict adverse clinicalsituations, so that they can make mistakes or even get therequestions solved before dealing with real situations, alwaysin controlled environments and under constant supervision...

Propuesta de actividades para fortalecer el trabajo del tutor en la carrera de Tecnologías de la Salud / Proposal of activities to strength the tutor´s work in the Health Technological carreers from the Science Medical Filial of Guantanamo

El trabajo de los tutores en la Filial de Ciencias Médicas constituye un instrumento esencial para el perfeccionamiento en la preparación de docentes, directivos y profesores guías que tienen la encomiable tarea de asesorar y guiar a estudiantes de carreras tecnológicas en las diferentes actividades curriculares y extracurriculares del centro, por lo que se hace necesario elaborar una propuesta de actividades que contribuyan a elevar la preparación de los tutores en los encuentros de tutoría en la carrera de Tecnologías de la salud. Diferentes métodos y herramientas de investigación a directivos, profesores-tutores y estudiantes fueron aplicados como el análisis documental, encuestas, entrevistas, observación a encuentros de tutorías para poder constatar las insuficiencias existentes con lo relacionado al trabajo del tutor. Una vez aplicada la propuesta, los estudiantes obtendrán mejores resultados en el ámbito social, profesional y científico(AU)

The work of tutors at the Medical Science Filial constitute an esential instrument to better the preparation of professors and principals that have, as the main task, to guide the students from tecnological carreers in the different curricular and extracurricular activities of the school, so that it is necessary to elaborate a proposal of activities that contribute to elebate the tutors self-preparation in their labors to the Health Technological carreers.Different methods and tools of research were applied to principals, professors, tutors and students as the analysis of documents, enquires, interviews, observation to tutors work for verifying the real difficulties in relation to their labors. At the time to apply the proposal, students will obtain better results on their professional, social and scientific sphere(AU)